Set a New Direction

From Malcolm Waters
1) The germinal phase (Europe, 1400-1750)
• dissolution of Christendom and emergence of state
• communities
• Catholic (i.e. universal) churches
• development of generalizations about humanity and the
• first maps of the planet
• sun-centred universe
• universal calendar in the West
• European exploration of Africa, Asia and the Americas
• colonialism
• individual
2) The incipient phase (Europe, 1750-1875)
• establishment of the nation-state
• formal diplomacy between states
• citizenship and passports
• international exhibitions and communications agreements
• international legal conventions
• first non-European nation-states
• first ideas of internationalism and universalism
• conceptualization of the world in terms of the four globalizing reference points: the nation-state, the individual, a single international society and a single (masculine) humanity
3) The take-off phase (1875-1925)
• international communications, sporting and cultural links
• universal calendar
• first ever world war
• mass international migrations and restrictions thereon
• more non-Europeans in the international club of nation states
4) The struggle-for-hegemony phase (1925-69)
• League of Nations and UN
• Second World War; cold war
• conceptions of war crimes and crimes against humanity
• the universal nuclear threat of the atomic bomb
• emergence of the third (part of the) world
5) The uncertainty phase (1969-92)
• exploration of space
• post-materialist values and rights discourses
• world communities based on sexual preference, gender, ethnicity and race.
• international relations more complex and fluid
• global environmental problems recognized. [see Global Issues]
• global mass media via space technology (satellite television,etc.)

From Thomas Friedman - The World is Flat
Globalization 1.0 (1492 to 1800) shrank the world from a size large to a size medium, and the dynamic force in that era was countries globalizing for resources and imperial conquest. Countries globalized.

Globalization 2.0 (1800 to 2000) shrank the world from a size medium to a size small, and it was spearheaded by companies globalizing for markets and labor. Companies globalized.

Globalization 3.0 (which started around 2000) is shrinking the world from a size small to a size tiny and flattening the playing field at the same time. Individuals and small groups are globalizing. Globalization 3.0 not only differs from the previous eras in how it is shrinking and flattening the world and in how it is empowering individuals. Globalization 3.0 is not only going to be driven more by individuals but also by a much more diverse - non-Western, non-white group of individuals. In Globalization 3.0, you are going to see every color of the human rainbow take part.

The 10 Great Levelers
1. Fall of the Berlin Wall – 11/9
The events of November 9, 1989, tilted the worldwide balance of power toward democracies and free markets.

2. Netscape IPO
The August 9, 1995, offering sparked massive investment in fiber-optic cables.

3. Work flow software
The rise of apps from PayPal to VPNs enabled faster, closer coordination among far-flung employees.

4. Open-sourcing
Self-organizing communities, à la Linux, launched a collaborative revolution.

5. Outsourcing
Migrating business functions to India saved money and a third world economy.

6. Offshoring
Contract manufacturing elevated China to economic prominence.

7. Supply-chaining
Robust networks of suppliers, retailers, and customers increased business efficiency. See Wal-Mart.

8. Insourcing
Logistics giants took control of customer supply chains, helping mom-and-pop shops go global. See UPS and FedEx.

9. In-forming
Power searching allowed everyone to use the Internet as a "personal supply chain of knowledge." See Google.

10. Wireless
Like "steroids," wireless technologies pumped up collaboration, making it mobile and personal.